Our Sources

What Types of Sources Do We Use?

All content on Cliff Mad Honey Index is grounded in primary scientific literature. We do not rely on secondary sources, news articles, or vendor-produced materials.

• Peer-reviewed clinical studies: case reports, case series, and clinical trials published in indexed medical journals
• Pharmacological research: studies on grayanotoxin binding, mechanism of action, and dose-response relationships
• Toxicological analyses: LC-MS/MS quantification of grayanotoxin concentration in honey matrices
• Government and institutional publications: WHO, EFSA, and national poison control data where available
• Ethnobotanical literature: peer-reviewed studies documenting traditional use in Turkey, Nepal, and the Black Sea region

Key Sources

Most of the evidence cited across this site comes from a small number of recurring sources: the EFSA CONTAM Panel opinion on grayanotoxins in honey, Cardiovascular Toxicology, the International Journal of Food Properties, and Clinical Toxicology. Individual pages cite further primary literature beyond these, and every citation names its journal and year so a reader can check it directly.

Evidence Grades

We distinguish between three tiers of evidence: Established science (multiple independent peer-reviewed studies with consistent findings), Emerging evidence (limited or preliminary findings not yet replicated at scale), and Informed opinion (reasoned positions where direct evidence is limited, always clearly labelled).

Full Bibliography

Every source cited on this site is listed in full with DOI links in our Research & References section. If you identify a citation error, please contact us. We review and correct factual errors on a rolling basis per our Content Integrity policy.