Grayanotoxin LD50: Lethal Dose Data, Route Effects, and What Animal Studies Cannot Tell You About Human Risk
The LD50, lethal dose 50 percent, is the amount of a substance required to kill 50 percent of a test population under specified experimental conditions. It is a standard measure of acute toxicity used to compare compounds and establish hazard classifications. For grayanotoxin, published LD50 data exist in rodent models across multiple isoforms and routes […]
The Mad Honey Toxidrome: A Systems-Level Look at Cardiovascular and Neurological Effects
The physiological impact of mad honey is not confined to a single organ system. Grayanotoxins, by virtue of their action on voltage-gated sodium channels expressed across multiple tissue types, produce a constellation of effects spanning the cardiovascular system, the autonomic nervous system, the peripheral sensory nervous system, and the gastrointestinal tract. Understanding each system’s contribution […]
