Grayanotoxin LD50: Lethal Dose Data, Route Effects, and What Animal Studies Cannot Tell You About Human Risk
The LD50, lethal dose 50 percent, is the amount of a substance required to kill 50 percent of a test population under specified experimental conditions. It is a standard measure of acute toxicity used to compare compounds and establish hazard classifications. For grayanotoxin, published LD50 data exist in rodent models across multiple isoforms and routes […]
Molecular Mechanism of Mad Honey: Grayanotoxins and Site 2 Sodium Channel Pharmacology
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are the primary molecular targets of grayanotoxins. Understanding grayanotoxin pharmacology requires a foundational understanding of VGSC structure and gating. VGSCs are large integral membrane proteins — the α subunit, which contains the ion-conducting pore and the voltage-sensing machinery, is approximately 260 kDa and consists of four homologous domains (I–IV), each with […]
